{"id":41100,"date":"2025-08-29T12:34:02","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T10:34:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/knowledge-base\/"},"modified":"2025-11-26T14:52:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T13:52:05","slug":"oil-analysis-and-lubricant-testing-in-the-defence-sector-optimising-rotary-wing-lubrication","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/knowledge-base\/oil-analysis-and-lubricant-testing-in-the-defence-sector-optimising-rotary-wing-lubrication","title":{"rendered":"Oil analysis and lubricant testing in the defence sector \u2013 optimising rotary wing lubrication"},"content":{"rendered":"<header class=\"page-hero alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <div class=\"col-lg-7 offset-lg-1 page-hero__text\">\n\n        <nav aria-label=\"Okruszki\" role=\"navigation\">\n  <ul class=\"breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"lista okruszk\u00f3w\">\n\n    \n      <li class=\"breadcrumbs__item\">\n\n                  <a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/\" class=\"breadcrumbs__link\">Home page<\/a>\n        \n      <\/li>\n\n    \n  <\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n        <h1 class=\"heading heading--sb\">Oil analysis and lubricant testing in the defence sector \u2013 optimising rotary wing lubrication<\/h1>\n\n                  <p class=\"desc\">Regular collection and analysis of lubricant samples is key to increasing the reliability and safety of rotary wing aircraft. Research conducted in the defence sector shows that with the right laboratory procedures, it is possible to <b>extend maintenance intervals<\/b>, <b>reduce costs<\/b> and <b>minimise machine downtime<\/b>. Lubricant analysis results provide a&nbsp;solid basis for maintenance decisions and operational optimisation.<\/p>\n        \n      <\/div>\n\n      <ul class=\"col-lg-7 offset-lg-1 links\" data-links><\/ul>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    \n      <svg class=\"page-hero__bg page-hero__bg--gears\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 360.1 382.81\"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:none;stroke:#1d1d1b;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-width:.5px;}<\/style><\/defs><g id=\"RenderLayer_Visible_Main\"><g id=\"strokes\"><path class=\"cls-1\" 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d=\"M228.99,160.71l-3.3-.22-2.09-.13h-2.06l-2.03,.11-1.99,.23-1.96,.35-1.93,.46-1.89,.56-1.86,.67-1.82,.77-1.77,.87-1.73,.97-1.68,1.06-1.63,1.15-1.58,1.24-1.52,1.32-1.46,1.41-1.4,1.48-1.33,1.56-1.26,1.63-1.19,1.69-1.12,1.76-1.04,1.82-.23,.45-.73,1.43-.88,1.94-.8,1.99-.71,2.05-.63,2.11-.54,2.17-.45,2.23-.36,2.29-.26,2.31-.15,2.28-.05,2.26,.05,2.23,.14,2.21,.24,2.19,.33,2.16,.42,2.14,.51,2.11,.59,2.08,.68,2.04,.77,2,.85,1.96,.93,1.92,1.01,1.87,1.08,1.82,.17,.26,.99,1.5,1.23,1.7,1.3,1.63,1.37,1.56,1.44,1.49,1.5,1.41,1.56,1.33,1.62,1.25,1.68,1.16,1.74,1.07,1.8,.98,1.86,.88,1.92,.78,1.99,.68,2.06,.57,2.08,.45,2.06,.32,2.05,.19,2.03,.07,2.02-.05,2-.17,1.98-.28,3.29-.49\"\/><path class=\"cls-1\" d=\"M229.68,250.5l.83-.17,1.14-.23,1.94-.51,1.91-.63,1.88-.74,1.85-.85,1.81-.96,1.77-1.06,1.72-1.16,1.67-1.27,1.62-1.36,.14-.13,.63-.59,.79-.74,1.49-1.55,1.42-1.64,1.34-1.72,1.27-1.81,1.19-1.89,1.1-1.96,1.01-2.04,.92-2.11,.83-2.18,.73-2.25,.63-2.33,.53-2.4,.42-2.48,.3-2.5,.18-2.47,.06-2.45-.06-2.42-.17-2.4-.28-2.37-.39-2.33-.49-2.3-.59-2.26-.69-2.22-.79-2.18-.89-2.13-.98-2.07-1.07-2.01-1.16-1.94-1.24-1.88-1.32-1.8-1.39-1.72-1.46-1.64-1.53-1.55-1.59-1.46-1.44-1.18-.22-.18-.46-.34-1.26-.93-1.77-1.16-1.82-1.06-1.87-.95-1.92-.85-1.97-.74-2.01-.62-2.07-.51-2.12-.39-1.41-.17-.71-.09\"\/><path class=\"cls-1\" d=\"M185.86,120.74l2.49-.29\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\n    \n  <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"normal-content alignwide \">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row justify-content-center\">\n\n\t    \n\t\t    <div class=\"col-xl-5 col-lg-6 normal-content__image-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t    \t\t\t\t    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-700x700-1.webp\" class=\"normal-content__image\" alt=\"sektor-obronny-700x700\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t    \n\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t    <div class=\"col-xl-5 col-lg-6 normal-content__text\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"normal-content__text-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t\t    <h2 class=\"heading heading--line\">oil analysis and lubricant testing in the defence sector<\/h2>\n\n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t\t    <h3 class=\"heading\">lubrication testing \u2013 the Boeing and AMRRI approach<\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t\t    <p class=\"desc\">Like most machines, rotary wing aircraft require periodic lubrication to ensure continuous, safe and reliable operation. Optimal lubrication intervals are desirable to maintain system performance while minimising aircraft downtime and maintenance work. \r\n<br><br>\r\nBoeing and AMRRI conducted a&nbsp;Lubrication Optimisation Study (LOS) on the H-47 Chinook helicopter to determine the necessary engineering artefacts to help establish lubrication intervals for selected drive, rotor and landing gear components.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t\t    \n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t    <\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">Samples from these components were collected by an international team of H-47 operators and delivered for laboratory analysis to characterise wear, properties and contaminants, which change over time and with the number of aircraft operating hours. The lubrication optimisation study revealed further opportunities to evaluate and utilise the data obtained in this process, including determining the excellent performance of specific lubricants under Mil-Spec designation, testing lubricants for compatibility when mixed, and improving the cleanliness of new lubricant to extend component life.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"shortcuts shortcuts-2 alignwide  \">\n  <div class=\"shortcuts__content container\">\n    <div class=\"row justify-content-center\">\n      <div class=\"offset-lg-2 offset-md-0 col-lg-10\">\n\n                  <h2 class=\"heading heading--line\">shortcuts<\/h2>\n        \n        \n\t        <ul class=\"listing\">\n\n\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"listing__item\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#contact\" target=\"\" class=\"listing__link listing__link--link\" title=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading\">contact<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"desc\">on testing oils and lubricants for the defence sector<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"listing__item\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/knowledge-base\/3d-walk-through-ecol-oil-analysis-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"listing__link listing__link--link\" title=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading\">our laboratory<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"desc\">virtual 3D tour<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"listing__item\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/technologies-and-services\/diagnostic-services\/testing-of-oils-and-lubricants-performed-in-our-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"listing__link listing__link--link\" title=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading\">list of examinations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"desc\">list of tests performed in our laboratory<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t        \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"listing__item\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/category\/drop-of-knowledge\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"listing__link listing__link--link\" title=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading\">newsletter<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"desc\">sign up for the &#8216;Drop of knowlege\u2019 newsletter<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t        \n\t        <\/ul>\n\n        \n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"see-also alignwide\">\n\t<div class=\"see-also__content container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row justify-content-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"see-also__text-content offset-lg-1 offset-md-0 col-lg-9\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"see-also__heading see-also__heading--image\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"see-also__image-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-400x237-1.webp\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"see-also__details\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"heading\">abstract<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"desc\">Boeing and AMRRI conducted a&nbsp;lubrication optimisation study (LOS) on the H-47 Chinook helicopter to establish the engineering basis and artefacts for defining solid lubrication intervals for selected drive, rotor and landing gear components. The primary objective of the study was to perform laboratory analysis of grease samples collected from these components and to characterise how wear, properties and contamination change over time and aircraft operating hours.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">To ensure the statistical significance of the analysis, nearly 1,200 samples were collected in two stages between May 2018 and July 2019. Five different operators participated in the sampling. This made it possible to quantitatively determine a\u00a0variety of environmental operating conditions, such as \u201chot\u201d, \u201cdry\u201d and\/or \u201csalty\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">AMRRI evaluated grease samples for ferromagnetic content using FerroQ (FdM \u2013 Ferrous Density) testing, colorimetry, consistency profile (die extrusion, shear flow), linear voltammetry (antioxidant properties \u2013 RULER), moisture (water content), particle contamination (external sources such as silicon, aluminium\/ aluminium), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy \u2013 FTIR (organic contamination) and spinning disc electrode spectroscopy (measurement of non-ferrous element consumption). The primary limiting parameter for the tests was oxidation in most cases, while the secondary limiting parameter was more dispersed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Boeing conducted an analysis of operational data for each of the selected components. This analysis complemented the lubricant analysis conducted by AMRRI. Together, these analyses formed the engineering basis for the recommended solutions regarding the service frequency of selected drive, rotor and landing gear components. The results of the study showed a\u00a0reduction in one lubrication interval, five extended intervals and eleven intervals unchanged from the previously established maintenance recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-helikopter.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40356\" style=\"width:840px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-helikopter.webp 800w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-helikopter-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-helikopter-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h2 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">sampling methodology<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">regulatory basis and starting point<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe development of a\u00a0sampling procedure and tools that ensured that each sample submitted for analysis was representative of the current condition of the component and lubricant, while protecting the component under test, was critical to the success of this programme. The starting point was the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D7718 document entitled: \u2018Standard Practice for Sampling Lubricants During Operation\u2019, developed in 2011 based on research conducted for the energy industry.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nPrevious studies have included testing gear surfaces and large and small bearings. Although some of this earlier work was directly applicable to similar types of CH-47 power train components, there are differences in housing configuration and access, particularly with regard to the Chinook 2 helicopter\u2019s drive shaft splines.\n<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">sampling tools<\/h3>\n<p>\nAn existing tool, called the \u2018Pillow Block Grease Thief\u2019 (a kit for collecting grease from bearings in a\u00a0housing), shown in Figure 1. It consisted of a\u00a0plastic spatula used to collect samples from various components of the rotor, drive and landing gear.\n<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">sampling procedure<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe spatula proved particularly useful for taking samples from the surface of splined gear teeth. Initially, the device was modified so that its profile corresponded to the angle of the splines. However, since splines come in different sizes and it was not possible to develop a\u00a0universal solution, the spatula was retained in its original shape.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nInstructions were provided on how to position the spatula tip at the optimum angle to scrape grease from the tooth surface. Thanks to the soft plastic material of the spatula, this could be done without risking damage to the splines. The wide end of the spatula was used for sampling from components other than splines.\n<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">transfer and preparation of samples for analysis<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe grease collected in this manner was placed in a\u00a0standard 6-millilitre syringe from which the plunger had been previously removed. After collecting the appropriate amount of grease, the plunger was replaced and used to transfer the material to the Grease Thief device. The tip had been previously removed from the syringe, allowing for complete transfer of the grease to the device.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe filled Grease Thief was placed in a\u00a0plastic transport tube, to which an identification label was attached, and then the samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1378\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-akcesoria.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40367\" style=\"width:720px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-akcesoria.webp 1378w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-akcesoria-300x218.webp 300w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-akcesoria-1024x743.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-akcesoria-768x557.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1378px) 100vw, 1378px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong> Sampling kit with Grease Thief and other components<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n        <div class=\"container\">\n            <div class=\"row\">\n                <div class=\"offset-lg-1 offset-md-0 col-lg-11\">\n                    \n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/druk-probki-www.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40372\" style=\"width:720px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/druk-probki-www.webp 1000w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/druk-probki-www-300x189.webp 300w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/druk-probki-www-768x484.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: QR code label for Grease Thief sampling kits<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">The labels were designed specifically for this project and were included in the sampling kit. They had the sampling locations printed on them, and the identification and frequency of the sampling points were prepared in relation to the service and maintenance schedule. <\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">In each case, sampling was planned taking into account the existing maintenance tasks for the equipment in question, so as to minimise the grease sampling process. A fragment of the identification label is shown in Figure 2. Each label was assigned a\u00a0unique barcode number for more efficient sample identification.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys3.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys3.webp 580w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys3-256x300.webp 256w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 3: <\/strong>Diagram of sampling from an engine with a transverse shaft and from drive transmission adapters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">Each sampling kit came with instructions. Each kit consisted of eight \u2018pouches,\u2019 each containing the items shown in FIGURE 1. In addition, soldiers and mechanics involved in the sampling were trained to ensure consistency in the methodology used.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The aim in each case was to collect approximately 1.5 g of grease, which corresponded to approximately the volume of the entire Grease Thief sampler. Each device was evaluated in detail to determine the best sampling point, as shown in FIGURE 3. However, at some points, especially in smaller protrusions, it was not possible to obtain the required amount of grease. Therefore, a\u00a0summary of analyses was developed and a\u00a0range of tests was selected for samples with a\u00a0smaller volume.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Figure 4 shows a\u00a0sample collection training session performed using a\u00a0modified Grease Thief kit. The collection took place during scheduled maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys4.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys4.webp 311w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys4-212x300.webp 212w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 4:<\/strong> Soldier taking a grease sample from a spline during maintenance work<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">The tests were optimised for samples containing smaller amounts of grease. High-volume samples, i.e. those containing more than 0.95 g of grease, were sufficient to perform all eight specified tests. Samples weighing more than 0.69 g but less than 0.95 g were designated as \u2018low-volume\u2019 samples. Seven tests could be performed with this amount of material, excluding the consistency profile test (GTA die extrusion). Instead, an alternative consistency test was performed with a\u00a0smaller amount of grease, using a\u00a0cone and plate rheometer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Samples weighing less than 0.69 g but not less than 0.35 g were designated as \u2018small volume\u2019 samples. Unfortunately, it was not possible to perform consistency profile testing (GTA die extrusion), FerroQ testing (FdM \u2013 Ferrous Density) or RULER testing (presence of antioxidants) on these samples. They therefore provided a\u00a0limited amount of data for this study. Samples with less than 0.35 g of grease were not used in the tests.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">The selected set of analytical tests was based on known oxidative stressors, detected sources of contamination in machine applications, and additives present in lubricants that extend their service life. The ASTM test method for evaluating operating greases is D7918. It uses the tests specified in Table 1 and includes a\u00a0list of key parameters used in the evaluation of greases.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The test suite typically includes two additional tests (Table 2) that are not included in the current version of ASTM D7918. Rotating Disc Electrode (RDE) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (FTIR) provide elemental and molecular analysis results and complement the D7918 assessment with monitoring of non-ferrous particles, additives, contaminants and lubricant oxidation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Although ASTM D7918 includes particle counting and direct thin-film imaging techniques, it was determined that their use would be ineffective due to the condition of the samples and the insufficient optical transparency of the grease. Therefore, the particle counting method was replaced by monitoring the silicon (Si) level in the grease, measured using rotating disc electrode spectrometry. It was expected that the most common source of external particles would be sand or other contaminants resulting from the working environment and air turbulence. For this reason, silicon was considered a\u00a0suitable indicative parameter for assessing the ingress of such particles.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab1.png 711w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab1-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 1: <\/strong>ASTM D7918 grease analysis tests<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab2.png 713w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab2-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 2:<\/strong> Additional grease tests performed, other than ASTM D7918<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h2 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">sample analysis<\/h2>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Many international operators participated in the project, and the scope of the research covered up to 1,200 samples. The initial goal was to obtain at least 30 samples from each location (selected sampling point) to ensure the statistical significance of the grease analysis results and to be able to determine the optimal interval.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Operators were given sampling kits, each consisting of eight \u2018pouches\u2019. Based on an analysis of maintenance intervals, several variants of sampling kits were prepared. The variable in each kit was the attached labels, tailored to the component undergoing maintenance or servicing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">TABLE 3 presents a\u00a0list of components covered by the study, together with the currently applicable grease service intervals. These intervals were determined on the basis of engineering knowledge and operating history.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"498\" height=\"484\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab3.png 498w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab3-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 3:<\/strong> Pre-determined grease service intervals<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">Parameters and test procedure<\/h3>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The results for individual grease samples were compiled in order to determine seven parameters affecting its durability: iron (Fe), silver (Ag) and silicon (Si) content, ferrous wear (FerroQ), moisture, die extrusion index (consistency profile \u2013 consistency under dynamic conditions) and oxidation level. These parameters are presented in the graph as a\u00a0function of hours since the last service or grease replacement to determine the point at which they begin to deteriorate.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Based on the trend of parameter changes in relation to the number of flight hours, curve fitting (point approximation) was applied. In most cases, linear relationships were obtained, while some were logarithmic. To calculate the number of flight hours, equations of fitted curves corresponding to the target critical level of parameters were used.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">Determining optimal intervals<\/h3>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The optimal service interval was defined as the number of operating hours after which the lubricant should be replenished before degradation occurs. This ensured that each component was protected from wear and damage by replacing the lubricant with new lubricant before it degraded or accumulated significant contamination.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Przyk\u0142ad regresji zastosowanej do okre\u015blenia optymalnego interwa\u0142u zaprezentowano na RYSUNKU 5. Dla parametru \u201eOcena utlenienia\u201d docelowy poziom zosta\u0142 wyznaczony na warto\u015b\u0107 75, co odpowiada 25% pierwotnego poziomu ochrony dodatk\u00f3w przeciwutleniaj\u0105cych. W tym przypadku r\u00f3wnanie dopasowanej krzywej wskazuje warto\u015b\u0107 171 godzin lotu.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"565\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys5.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys5.webp 565w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys5-300x218.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 5:<\/strong> Drive flange samples \u2013 degree of oxidation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">The results of the research revealed a\u00a0correlation between the amount of silicon detected in the lubricant (usually caused by sand or dirt entering during maintenance or operation) and the degree of wear, measured on the basis of both iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) levels. This correlation is shown in Figure 6.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"591\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys6.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40316\" style=\"width:591px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys6.webp 591w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys6-300x218.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 6:<\/strong> Analysis of grease samples from all components \u2013 Fe, Al [ppm] and Si levels relative to sequential Fe values.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">Another important discovery was the observation of significant levels of silver in grease samples. The study showed that silver was used as an anti-friction coating on some bearing cages and spline surfaces. Most grease samples contained low levels of this element, but some had elevated levels, reaching up to several thousand parts per million (ppm).<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">High levels of silver wear are not necessarily a\u00a0problem, as this coating is designed to reduce wear and damage to the surface structure of the drive surfaces. However, a\u00a0correlation was observed, revealed by principal component analysis (PCA), between high (&gt;10 ppm) silver levels and elevated iron levels in the same locations, as shown in FIGURE 7.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">This indication may enable the use of periodic grease analysis as a\u00a0useful indicator of future wear, as well as a\u00a0tool for targeting maintenance and inspection activities.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"619\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys7.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys7.webp 619w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys7-300x220.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 7:<\/strong> PCA analysis \u2013 silver (Ag) levels compared to iron (Fe) levels.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">Although the project was not directly aimed at comparative evaluation of lubricant products, some observations were made that confirmed the effectiveness of certain lubricants in their intended application. The graph in FIGURE 8 shows that in several cases where an alternative lubricant was used, wear resistance was lower than in components where the recommended lubricant was used.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">This does not constitute an assessment of the relative value of these products, but merely indicates the consumption levels observed in a\u00a0specific application with a\u00a0limited number of samples. These results confirm the suitability of the basic product.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"583\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys8.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys8.webp 583w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys8-300x222.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 8:<\/strong> Comparison of wear levels depending on the lubricant used<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"581\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys9.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys9.webp 581w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-rys9-300x220.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure 9: <\/strong>Grease consistency \u2013 \u2018coagulated\u2019 sample vs. \u2018working\u2019 sample<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <p class=\"post__paragraph\">Initially, samples were taken from the control disc in many places to determine the behaviour of grease that did not come directly from the \u2018working\u2019 area of the bearings. After some time, experienced mechanics described the grease in the steering disc, after a\u00a0specified period of operation, as being most similar to the \u2018working\u2019 grease \u2013 as opposed to the \u2018coagulated\u2019 grease located further away from the lubricated part.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">To assess the validity of this observation, samples were taken from both locations and compared. Surprisingly, the grease from both locations on the same control disc showed very similar results. The analysis included a\u00a0comparison of consistency, wear level, and remaining antioxidant content. These results indicated that the grease from both zones does not separate, but flows and mixes during operation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Parameters that, as expected, should vary depending on the distance from the working part (e.g. the level of wear particles and antioxidants) showed similar values. Based on this observation, further samples were taken from the working area of the control disc housing.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The results of the consistency comparison using the die extrusion method are presented in Figure 9. All 11 components listed in Table 4 were analysed using seven identified parameters. On this basis, the recommended maintenance intervals for the tested components were determined.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"602\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab4.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-40341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab4.webp 602w, https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/grease-thief-sektor-obronny-tab4-300x285.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Table 4: <\/strong>Optimal grease replenishment parameters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">Combining grease sample testing with operational data<\/h3>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">In addition to grease analysis, Boeing utilised field maintenance data obtained from operator logbooks, part removal records, stage maintenance documentation, and other materials enabling historical and engineering data analysis. A Weibull distribution analysis was used to generate the characteristics. Conservative baseline principles were adopted for the analytical process to ensure the continued safe operation of the H-47 helicopter.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The results of this analysis provided justification for the lubricant sample evaluation and further guidance on determining recommended service intervals. Historical data and lubricant sample test results were then combined in a\u00a0statistical evaluation to determine optimised, data-driven service intervals.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Maintenance information was also used to determine the age of components \u2013 both new and since the last service \u2013 providing greater insight into the significance of the data set. This enabled the assessment of grease consumption trends and correlations with component age.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h2 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">Results and practical significance<\/h2>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">The research resulted in the extension of most lubrication intervals \u2013 in many cases, the intervals between services were doubled compared to those currently used by various operators. This extension gives each operator the opportunity to adjust lubrication intervals to their own needs, reducing downtime and maintenance costs while ensuring continuous and safe aircraft operation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Another advantage of the study is that the designated service intervals can be adjusted to fit existing maintenance intervals. This supports Boeing\u2019s efforts to optimise technical maintenance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">These results translate into fewer service-related downtimes. This translates into an estimated reduction in lubrication tasks from 98 to 56 per 1,000 flight hours and a\u00a0reduction in service downtimes from 20 to 10 per 1,000 flight hours.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">Acknowledgements<\/h3>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">This study was conducted with the support of numerous H-47 Chinook operators, including: the Canadian ILS\/CH147F project management programme, the US Army cargo fleet management programme, the MH-47 Office technology applications programme, the Netherlands Defence Materiel Organisation, and the UK Ministry of Defence. Each operator provided a\u00a0significant number of samples at various intervals and operating conditions, which increased the diversity of the data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"post__paragraph\">Boeing\u2019s extended team included design team members and service engineers who were responsible for developing the Service Bulletin. This document contained sampling instructions in accordance with customer maintenance personnel requirements and aircraft configurations.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"editor alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n      <article class=\"offset-lg-2 col-xl-9 col-lg-10 editor__text\">\n\n        \n          \n            \n\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <div class=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <h3 class=\"post__header heading heading--line\">bibliography<\/h3>\n<ol class=\"post__list post__list--ordered\">\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">American Society for Testing and Materials, 2011. <em>ASTM D7718: Standard Practice for Obtaining In-Service Samples of Lubricating Grease<\/em>. West Conshohocken, PA, USA.<\/li>\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">Air Transport Association of America (ATA), 2013. <em>ATA MSG-3, Volume 2 (Rotorcraft): Operator \/ Manufacturer Scheduled Maintenance Development<\/em>. Washington, DC: Airlines for America.<\/li>\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">M\u00f8ller, H., Esbensen, K. &amp; Wurzbach, R., 2016. <em>Grease Sampling and Analysis for In-Service Condition Monitoring (CM) of Wind Turbine Blade Bearings<\/em>. Bilbao, Spain: s.n.<\/li>\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">Pitard, F., 1989. <em>Pierre Gy\u2019s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice<\/em> (2 Volumes). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc.<\/li>\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">Wurzbach, R., 2017. <em>How to Determine Grease Compatibility and Why It\u2019s Important<\/em>. <em>Machinery Lubrication<\/em>, February.<\/li>\n<li class=\"post__list-item\">Wurzbach, R., 2018. <em>Why Grease Cleanliness Should Not Be Overlooked<\/em>. <em>Machinery Lubrication<\/em>, April.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t      \t\t\t\t\t      <\/div>\n                \n          \n        \n      <\/article>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"contact-persons alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row\">\n\n      <div class=\"offset-lg-2 offset-md-0 col-lg-8\">\n\n        \n          <h2 class=\"heading heading--line\">contact<\/h2>\n\n        \n        \n          <h3 class=\"heading heading--large\">do you have questions about oil and lubricant testing?<\/h3>\n\n        \n        \n          <p class=\"desc\">contact us directly:<\/p>\n\n        \n      <\/div>\n\n      \n        <ul class=\"offset-lg-2 offset-md-0 col-lg-9 listing\">\n\n          \n            \n            <li class=\"listing__item\">\n\n\t            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"listing__inner-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"listing__image-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/katarzyna-paryz-400x400-2.jpg\" class=\"listing__image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"listing__inner-details\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"listing__heading heading heading--b\">Katarzyna Pary\u017c<\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"listing__position\">Head of sales office<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"tel:+48666047697\" class=\"listing__link\" target=\"\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 14\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M13.1403 9.8875C13.1044 9.85906 10.5 7.98175 9.78512 8.1165C9.44387 8.17688 9.24875 8.40963 8.85719 8.87556C8.79419 8.95081 8.64281 9.13106 8.52513 9.25925C8.27767 9.17854 8.03629 9.08029 7.80281 8.96525C6.59773 8.37857 5.62406 7.4049 5.03737 6.19981C4.92225 5.96637 4.824 5.72498 4.74337 5.4775C4.872 5.35938 5.05225 5.208 5.12925 5.14325C5.593 4.75387 5.82619 4.55875 5.88656 4.21662C6.01038 3.50787 4.13437 0.8855 4.11469 0.861875C4.02957 0.740281 3.91849 0.639127 3.78948 0.565733C3.66047 0.492338 3.51676 0.448537 3.36875 0.4375C2.60837 0.4375 0.4375 3.25369 0.4375 3.72794C0.4375 3.7555 0.477313 6.55725 3.93225 10.0717C7.44319 13.5227 10.2445 13.5625 10.2721 13.5625C10.7467 13.5625 13.5625 11.3916 13.5625 10.6312C13.5516 10.4838 13.508 10.3405 13.435 10.2119C13.362 10.0833 13.2614 9.97248 13.1403 9.8875Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n666 047 697<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"mailto:k.paryz@ecol.eu\" class=\"listing__link\" target=\"\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 14 14\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_447_7182)\">\n    <path d=\"M8.17001 8.57754C7.82171 8.80974 7.41713 8.93249 7 8.93249C6.5829 8.93249 6.17832 8.80974 5.83002 8.57754L0.0932148 4.75289C0.0613867 4.73167 0.0303789 4.70955 0 4.6868V10.9539C0 11.6724 0.583105 12.2427 1.28879 12.2427H12.7112C13.4297 12.2427 14 11.6596 14 10.9539V4.68677C13.9695 4.70957 13.9385 4.73175 13.9066 4.75299L8.17001 8.57754Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n    <path d=\"M0.548242 4.07039L6.28504 7.89507C6.50221 8.03985 6.75109 8.11223 6.99997 8.11223C7.24888 8.11223 7.49779 8.03982 7.71496 7.89507L13.4518 4.07039C13.7951 3.84166 14 3.45884 14 3.04568C14 2.33526 13.422 1.75732 12.7116 1.75732H1.28836C0.577965 1.75735 0 2.33529 0 3.04636C0 3.45884 0.204969 3.84166 0.548242 4.07039Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n  <\/g>\n  <defs>\n    <clipPath id=\"clip0_447_7182\">\n      <rect width=\"14\" height=\"14\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n    <\/clipPath>\n  <\/defs>\n<\/svg>\nk.paryz@ecol.eu<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n            <\/li>\n\n          \n        <\/ul>\n\n      \n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"news alignwide\">\n  <div class=\"container\">\n    <div class=\"row justify-content-center\">\n      <div class=\"offset-lg-2 col-lg-10\">\n\n        \n          <h2 class=\"heading heading--line\">see also<\/h2>\n\n        \n      <\/div>\n\n      \n        <ul class=\"col-lg-10 news-list\">\n\n          \n            \n            <li class=\"news-list__item\">\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/knowledge-base\/oil-diagnostics-of-piston-aircraft-engines\" class=\"news-list__inner news-list__inner--wide\">\n                <div class=\"news-list__image-wrapper\">\n                  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/silnik_lotniczy1.jpg\" class=\"news-list__image\" alt=\"silnik_lotniczy1\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"news-list__details\">\n                  <h3 class=\"heading heading--b\">Oil diagnostics of piston aircraft engines<\/h3>\n                  <p class=\"desc\">The idea of testing the oil working in machinery as a carrier of&#8230;<\/p>\n                  <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n\n          \n            \n            <li class=\"news-list__item\">\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/technologies-and-services\/diagnostic-services\/research-and-analysis-for-aviation\/\" class=\"news-list__inner \">\n                <div class=\"news-list__image-wrapper\">\n                  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ecol-analizy-dla-lotnictwa.webp\" class=\"news-list__image\" alt=\"ecol-analizy-dla-lotnictwa\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"news-list__details\">\n                  <h3 class=\"heading heading--b\">Research and analysis for aviation<\/h3>\n                  <p class=\"desc\">Oil diagnostic service for piston aircraft engines.<\/p>\n                  <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n\n          \n            \n            <li class=\"news-list__item\">\n              <a href=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/knowledge-base\/spectrometric-analysis-of-aircraft-engine-piston-oil\" class=\"news-list__inner \">\n                <div class=\"news-list__image-wrapper\">\n                  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/diagnostyka-ecol-badania-silnik-tlokowy-7a.webp\" class=\"news-list__image\" alt=\"diagnostyka-ecol-badania-silnik-tlokowy (7a)\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"news-list__details\">\n                  <h3 class=\"heading heading--b\">Spectrometric analysis of aircraft engine piston oil<\/h3>\n                  <p class=\"desc\">Discussion of Guideline No. 3 of the President of the Civil Aviation Authority&#8230;<\/p>\n                  <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n  <path d=\"M4.16659 10.8333H14.0499L11.0249 14.4666C10.9549 14.5509 10.9021 14.6481 10.8697 14.7528C10.8372 14.8574 10.8257 14.9675 10.8357 15.0766C10.8561 15.2969 10.9631 15.5002 11.1333 15.6416C11.3034 15.7831 11.5228 15.8511 11.7432 15.8308C11.9635 15.8105 12.1668 15.7035 12.3083 15.5333L16.4749 10.5333C16.503 10.4935 16.528 10.4517 16.5499 10.4083C16.5499 10.3666 16.5916 10.3416 16.6083 10.3C16.646 10.2044 16.6658 10.1027 16.6666 9.99996C16.6658 9.89722 16.646 9.79551 16.6083 9.69996C16.6083 9.6583 16.5666 9.6333 16.5499 9.59163C16.528 9.54818 16.503 9.5064 16.4749 9.46663L12.3083 4.46663C12.2299 4.37256 12.1318 4.29691 12.0209 4.24506C11.91 4.19321 11.789 4.16643 11.6666 4.16663C11.4719 4.16625 11.2832 4.23406 11.1333 4.35829C11.0489 4.42825 10.9791 4.51417 10.928 4.61112C10.8769 4.70808 10.8454 4.81417 10.8353 4.92332C10.8252 5.03247 10.8368 5.14253 10.8693 5.2472C10.9019 5.35187 10.9547 5.44909 11.0249 5.53329L14.0499 9.16663H4.16659C3.94557 9.16663 3.73361 9.25443 3.57733 9.41071C3.42105 9.56699 3.33325 9.77895 3.33325 9.99996C3.33325 10.221 3.42105 10.4329 3.57733 10.5892C3.73361 10.7455 3.94557 10.8333 4.16659 10.8333Z\" fill=\"black\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n              <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n\n          \n        <\/ul>\n\n      \n      \n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Lubricant analysis results provide a solid basis for maintenance decisions and operational optimisation.","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":40352,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[277,61,62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-defense-industry","category-diagnostic-services","category-technologies"],"acf":[],"image":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/sektor-obronny-700x700-1.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41100"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":42070,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41100\/revisions\/42070"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/40352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecol.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}